Diseases and conditions
What each condition is, how to recognise it, when to worry and how it is treated. Search by what you feel, point to where it is, or read down the A to Z.
Every article lists the sources it was written from. Articles reviewed by an Arihant doctor show the reviewer's name and date. How we write and review
Know the emergencies.
These cannot wait for an appointment. A minute spent reading the signs now can save the hours that matter. Each page gives the signs, and what to do in the first minutes.
136 conditions
A
- Acid refluxAlso called GERD, Acidity, Heartburn, Gastro-oesophageal reflux diseaseAcid reflux is stomach acid coming back up into the food pipe, causing a burning feeling in the middle of the chest. It is common and often settles with simple changes and medicines, but frequent or severe symptoms need a doctor's assessment.Digestive system
- AcneAlso called PimplesAcne is a common skin condition in which blocked, oily hair follicles turn into blackheads, whiteheads and inflamed spots, mostly on the face, back and chest. It cannot be cured, but treatment controls it and limits scarring.Skin
- Acute kidney injuryAlso called AKI, Sudden kidney failure, Acute kidney failureAcute kidney injury is a sudden loss of kidney function, over hours or days. It is usually brought on by another illness, dehydration, an infection or a medicine, and it needs urgent medical care. Many people recover fully.Kidneys and urinary tract
- Allergic rhinitisAlso called Hay fever, Nasal allergy, Dust allergyAllergic rhinitis is sneezing, an itchy, runny or blocked nose and watery eyes caused by an allergic reaction to something breathed in. It is not an infection, and it is usually controlled by avoiding triggers and using the right treatment.Ear, nose and throat
- Ankylosing spondylitisAlso called Spine arthritis, Axial spondyloarthritisAnkylosing spondylitis is a long-term inflammatory arthritis that mainly affects the spine and the joints between the spine and pelvis, causing back pain and stiffness. There is no cure, but exercise and medicines can control symptoms and slow it down.Bones and joints
- AnxietyAlso called Anxiety disorders, Generalised anxiety disorder, Panic attacksAnxiety becomes a disorder when fear and worry are excessive, hard to control and get in the way of daily life. It is common and treatable, mainly with talking therapy and, when needed, medicines.Mental health
- AppendicitisAlso called Appendix pain, Inflamed appendixAppendicitis is a swollen, infected appendix, and it is a medical emergency. The pain usually starts around the navel, moves to the lower right side of the tummy and gets worse over hours, and the appendix is almost always removed by surgery.Digestive system
- AsthmaAlso called Bronchial asthma, DamaAsthma is a long-term condition in which the airways swell and tighten, so breathing becomes difficult. It cannot be cured, but with the right inhalers used regularly most people with asthma live a full, active life.Lungs and breathing
- Asthma in childrenAlso called Childhood asthmaAsthma makes a child's airways swell and tighten, causing wheeze, cough and breathlessness that come and go. It cannot be cured, but with the right inhalers most children sleep, study and play like anyone else.Children's health
- Atrial fibrillationAlso called AF, AFib, Irregular heartbeatAtrial fibrillation is a common heart rhythm problem in which the heartbeat is irregular and often fast. It may cause palpitations, tiredness or breathlessness, and its main danger is a raised risk of stroke.Heart and circulation
B
- Bell's palsyAlso called Facial palsy, Facial nerve palsyBell's palsy is a sudden weakness of the muscles on one side of the face, caused by swelling of the facial nerve. Most people recover, but a stroke can look the same, so a sudden droop of the face needs a doctor's check straight away.Brain and nerves
- Breast cancerAlso called Breast carcinoma, Carcinoma of the breastBreast cancer starts when cells in the breast grow out of control and form a lump. Most breast lumps are not cancer, but any new lump or change needs checking, because breast cancer found early is much easier to treat.Cancer
- Broken bonesAlso called Fracture, Broken arm, Broken legA broken bone, or fracture, is a break in a bone, usually after a fall, accident or heavy blow. It needs an X-ray and treatment by a doctor, and a bone sticking through the skin, a bent limb or heavy bleeding is an emergency.Bones and joints
- BronchiectasisAlso called Widened airwaysBronchiectasis is a long-term condition in which some airways in the lungs are permanently widened and damaged. Mucus collects in them, causing a daily cough and repeated chest infections. It cannot be cured, but treatment keeps it under control.Lungs and breathing
- BronchitisAlso called Chest cold, Chronic bronchitisBronchitis is swelling of the airways in the lungs, which causes a cough that often brings up mucus. The short-term kind usually follows a virus and clears by itself, while long-term (chronic) bronchitis is a form of COPD.Lungs and breathing
- Burns and scaldsAlso called Thermal injury, ScaldA burn is damage to the skin from heat, chemicals, electricity or the sun, and a scald is a burn from hot liquid or steam. The first aid is cool running water for about twenty minutes, and nothing else on the skin.Injuries and first aid
C
- Cardiac arrestAlso called Sudden cardiac arrestCardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly stops pumping, so blood stops reaching the brain and other organs. It is a medical emergency: without CPR and a shock from a defibrillator, death usually follows within minutes.Heart and circulation
- CardiomyopathyAlso called Weak heart muscle, Enlarged heartCardiomyopathy is a group of diseases of the heart muscle, in which the muscle becomes stretched, thickened or stiff and the heart pumps less well. It can lead to heart failure and dangerous heart rhythms, but treatment can control symptoms and lower the risk.Heart and circulation
- CataractAlso called CataractsA cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye, which slowly makes vision blurred or misty. It is very common with age and is treated with an operation to replace the cloudy lens.Eyes
- Cervical cancerAlso called Cancer of the cervix, Carcinoma of the cervixCervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, the opening between the vagina and the womb. Almost all of it is caused by long-lasting infection with certain types of HPV, and vaccination and regular screening can prevent most cases.Cancer
- Cervical spondylosisAlso called Neck arthritis, Spondylosis of the neckCervical spondylosis is age-related wear of the bones, discs and joints of the neck. It is very common, often causes no symptoms or only neck pain and stiffness, and usually improves without surgery, but some warning signs need prompt care.Bones and joints
- ChickenpoxAlso called Varicella, KanjinyaChickenpox is a very catching infection that brings a fever and an itchy rash of blisters. In a healthy child it settles in about a week, but it can be serious in newborns, pregnancy, adults and people with low immunity.Infections
- ChikungunyaAlso called Chikungunya feverChikungunya is a viral infection spread by Aedes mosquitoes that bite during the day. It begins suddenly with fever and severe joint pain, and while most people recover, the joint pain can linger for weeks or longer.Infections
- ChokingAlso called Blocked airway, Foreign body airway obstructionChoking is a blocked airway, usually from food or a small object, and it stops air reaching the lungs. Someone should call for emergency help while back blows and thrusts are being given.Injuries and first aid
- CholeraAlso called Severe watery diarrhoeaCholera is an infection of the gut caused by bacteria in contaminated water or food. It can cause severe watery diarrhoea and a dangerous loss of body fluid within hours, but it is treated effectively by replacing the fluid quickly.Infections
- Chronic kidney diseaseAlso called CKD, Kidney failureChronic kidney disease means the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter the blood as well as they should. It usually causes no symptoms in the early stages, so a blood test and a urine test are the only way to find it.Kidneys and urinary tract
- CirrhosisAlso called Scarring of the liver, Liver cirrhosisCirrhosis is permanent scarring of the liver caused by long-term damage, most often from alcohol, hepatitis B or C, or fatty liver disease. It often causes no symptoms at first, but it can lead to serious complications, and treating the cause can slow it.Digestive system
- Common coldAlso called Cold, SardiA cold is a mild infection of the nose and throat caused by one of many viruses. It builds up over two or three days and clears on its own in about a week or two, and antibiotics do not help it.Infections
- ConjunctivitisAlso called Pink eye, Eye flu, Aankh aanaConjunctivitis is inflammation of the thin covering of the white of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. Most cases are caused by a virus and settle on their own, but pain, light sensitivity or blurred vision needs to be seen.Eyes
- ConstipationAlso called Hard stools, Difficulty passing stoolsConstipation means passing stools less often than usual, or finding them hard, dry and difficult to pass. It is very common and usually eases with more fibre, fluids and activity, but a lasting change or warning signs need a doctor.Digestive system
- COPDAlso called Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Chronic bronchitis, EmphysemaCOPD is long-term damage to the airways and air sacs of the lungs that makes breathing steadily harder. The damage cannot be reversed, but stopping tobacco, inhalers, vaccination and exercise programmes ease symptoms and slow it down.Lungs and breathing
- Coronary artery diseaseAlso called Angina, Coronary heart disease, Heart blockageCoronary artery disease is a narrowing of the arteries that feed the heart muscle, caused by fatty deposits building up inside them. It can cause chest pain on exertion, and it is the usual cause of a heart attack.Heart and circulation
- COVID-19Also called Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 infectionCOVID-19 is an illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which spreads through the air. Most people get better at home in about a week, but it can be serious for older people, pregnant women and anyone with low immunity.Infections
D
- Deep vein thrombosisAlso called DVT, Blood clot in the legDeep vein thrombosis is a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg. It needs prompt treatment, because part of the clot can break away and travel to the lungs, which is a life-threatening emergency.Heart and circulation
- DehydrationAlso called Fluid loss, Water and salt depletionDehydration is losing more water and salts than the body takes in, most often through diarrhoea, vomiting, fever or heat. Oral rehydration solution replaces both the fluid and the salts, and severe dehydration needs hospital care.Injuries and first aid
- DementiaAlso called Alzheimer's disease, Memory lossDementia is a loss of memory, thinking and everyday skills caused by disease of the brain, most often Alzheimer's disease. It is not a normal part of ageing, and a diagnosis opens the door to treatment and support.Brain and nerves
- DengueAlso called Dengue fever, Break-bone feverDengue is a viral infection spread by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. Most people recover in about a week, but a small number develop severe dengue, which needs urgent hospital care.Infections
- DepressionAlso called Depressive disorder, Clinical depression, Major depressionDepression is a common illness in which low mood or loss of interest lasts most of the day, nearly every day, for two weeks or more. It is treatable, and most people get better with the right help.Mental health
- Diabetic retinopathyAlso called Diabetic eye diseaseDiabetic retinopathy is damage to the tiny blood vessels of the retina caused by diabetes. It usually causes no symptoms until it is advanced, so everyone with diabetes needs regular eye examinations.Eyes
- Diarrhoea in childrenAlso called Loose motions in childrenDiarrhoea means three or more loose or watery stools in a day. The danger for a child is losing too much fluid, and the treatment is simple: oral rehydration solution, a course of zinc, and carrying on with feeds.Children's health
- Dry eyeAlso called Dry eye diseaseDry eye means the eyes do not make enough tears, or the tears do not work well, leaving the surface sore and gritty. It is common, usually manageable, and often improves with simple measures and lubricating drops.Eyes
E
- Ear infectionAlso called Otitis media, Middle ear infection, Ear dischargeA middle ear infection is a build up of infected fluid behind the eardrum, usually after a cold. It is common in young children, most cases settle within a few days, and pain relief is often all that is needed.Ear, nose and throat
- Ectopic pregnancyAlso called Tubal pregnancyAn ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that begins outside the womb, usually in a fallopian tube. It cannot become a baby, and it can be dangerous if the tube bursts, so it needs urgent medical care.Women's health
- EczemaAlso called Atopic dermatitis, Atopic eczemaEczema is a long-term skin condition that makes the skin dry, itchy and inflamed, with flare-ups and calmer spells in between. It is not contagious, and daily moisturiser with treatment for flares keeps most people comfortable.Skin
- EndometriosisEndometriosis is a long-term condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the womb grows outside it, usually in the pelvis, causing pain and sometimes difficulty getting pregnant. Period pain that stops normal life is not something to endure.Women's health
- Enlarged prostateAlso called BPH, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Prostate enlargementAn enlarged prostate is a common, non-cancerous growth of the prostate gland as men get older. It can squeeze the urine pipe and cause a weak flow and frequent trips to the toilet, and it can be treated.Kidneys and urinary tract
- EpilepsyAlso called Seizures, FitsEpilepsy is a brain condition in which seizures happen again and again because of sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain. With regular medicines, most people become free of seizures.Brain and nerves
F
- Fatty liver diseaseAlso called Fatty liver, NAFLD, MASLDFatty liver disease is a build-up of fat in the liver that is not caused by alcohol. It usually causes no symptoms and is often found by chance, and losing extra weight is the treatment that helps the liver most.Digestive system
- Fever in childrenAlso called High temperature in children, Pyrexia in childrenA fever is the body's response to an infection, and in children it is usually a common virus that settles in a few days. What matters is not the number on the thermometer but how the child looks, breathes and drinks.Children's health
- FibroidsAlso called Uterine fibroids, Myoma, Ganth in bachedaniFibroids are non-cancerous growths of muscle and fibrous tissue in or around the womb. Many women have no symptoms at all, and when fibroids do cause heavy periods or pressure in the lower tummy, there are several treatments that keep the womb.Women's health
- FluAlso called Influenza, Seasonal fluFlu is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs caused by influenza viruses. It comes on suddenly with fever, aches and a cough, and most people recover at home in about a week.Infections
- Frozen shoulderAlso called Adhesive capsulitisFrozen shoulder is pain and stiffness caused by inflammation and tightening of the capsule around the shoulder joint. It gets better slowly, over months, and gentle guided exercise is part of the treatment.Bones and joints
- Fungal skin infectionsAlso called Ringworm, Dhobi itch, Tinea, DaadRingworm and the other tinea infections are caused by fungi, not by a worm, and they give an itchy, scaly, often ring-shaped rash. They are treated with antifungal medicines, and steroid creams make them worse.Skin
G
- GallstonesAlso called Gall bladder stones, CholelithiasisGallstones are hard pieces that form in the gall bladder, a small organ under the liver that stores bile. Most cause no trouble at all, but a stone that blocks a duct brings severe pain in the upper tummy and can lead to serious complications.Digestive system
- Gestational diabetesAlso called Diabetes in pregnancyGestational diabetes is high blood sugar that first appears during pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. It often causes no symptoms, but a simple test finds it, and treatment protects both mother and baby.Women's health
- GlaucomaAlso called Kala motia, Raised eye pressureGlaucoma is damage to the optic nerve at the back of the eye, usually linked to raised pressure inside the eye. It takes away side vision so slowly that most people notice nothing until sight is lost, and lost sight cannot be brought back.Eyes
- GoutAlso called High uric acidGout is a form of arthritis caused by urate crystals forming in a joint, most often the big toe. It comes as sudden, very painful attacks, and it is one of the most controllable forms of arthritis.Bones and joints
H
- Hand, foot and mouth diseaseAlso called HFMDHand, foot and mouth disease is a mild viral illness of young children, with fever, painful mouth ulcers and a rash of spots or blisters on the hands and feet. It clears on its own in about 7 to 10 days.Children's health
- Head injury and concussionAlso called Head trauma, Mild traumatic brain injuryA head injury is any bump, blow or jolt to the head. Most are minor, but some cause bleeding or damage in the head, so certain warning signs mean emergency care. A concussion is a mild, temporary brain injury that usually settles within a couple of weeks.Brain and nerves
- Hearing lossAlso called Deafness, Hard of hearingHearing loss means sounds are harder to hear in one or both ears, from mild difficulty in noisy places to hearing nothing at all. Many causes can be treated, and hearing that disappears suddenly in one ear needs to be seen within days.Ear, nose and throat
- Heart attackAlso called Myocardial infarctionA heart attack happens when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is suddenly blocked. It is a medical emergency, and fast treatment limits the damage to the heart.Heart and circulation
- Heart failureAlso called Congestive heart failure, Weak heartHeart failure means the heart is not pumping blood as well as it should. It does not mean the heart has stopped, and with treatment many people live well for years, but new or worsening breathlessness needs prompt attention.Heart and circulation
- Heart valve diseaseAlso called Valvular heart disease, Aortic stenosis, Mitral regurgitationHeart valve disease means one or more of the heart's four valves does not open or close properly, so the heart has to work harder. Mild cases may need only check-ups, while others need medicines or a procedure to repair or replace the valve.Heart and circulation
- Heat strokeAlso called Sunstroke, Heat exhaustionHeat stroke is a medical emergency in which the body temperature rises very high and the brain stops working normally. Heat exhaustion is the earlier stage, and cooling the person quickly is what saves life.Injuries and first aid
- Heavy periodsAlso called Menorrhagia, Heavy menstrual bleedingPeriods are heavy when the bleeding gets in the way of daily life, for example soaking through pads or passing large clots. They are common and can usually be treated, and finding the cause matters because heavy bleeding can lead to anaemia.Women's health
- Hepatitis A and EAlso called Jaundice from water, Infectious hepatitisHepatitis A and hepatitis E are liver infections caught from water and food carrying the virus. Most people recover completely over a few weeks, but hepatitis E is dangerous in pregnancy.Infections
- Hepatitis BAlso called Hepatitis B virus infection, HBVHepatitis B is a virus that infects the liver. It spreads through blood and body fluids, and often from mother to baby at birth, and a safe vaccine given in the first hours of life prevents it.Infections
- Hepatitis CAlso called HCV infectionHepatitis C is a virus that infects the liver and spreads through infected blood. It often causes no symptoms for years, but a course of tablets taken for a few months now cures the great majority of people.Infections
- HerniaAlso called Inguinal hernia, Umbilical hernia, RuptureA hernia is a bulge that appears when tissue, such as part of the bowel, pushes through a weak spot in the muscle wall, most often in the groin or at the belly button. In adults it usually needs surgery to repair, and a stuck hernia is an emergency.Digestive system
- High blood pressureAlso called Hypertension, High BPHigh blood pressure means the force of blood against the walls of the arteries stays too high. It usually causes no symptoms, so it is found by measuring it, and treating it protects the heart, brain and kidneys.Heart and circulation
- High cholesterolAlso called Hyperlipidaemia, DyslipidaemiaHigh cholesterol means there is too much of a fatty substance called cholesterol in the blood. It causes no symptoms, and is found with a simple blood test, but over years it can block the arteries.Heart and circulation
- Hip osteoarthritisAlso called Arthritis of the hip, Worn hip jointHip osteoarthritis is a long-term condition in which the cartilage and other tissues of the hip joint break down, causing pain, usually in the groin, and stiffness. Exercise, weight control and pain relief help, and hip replacement is an option when other treatment has not worked.Bones and joints
- HIVAlso called AIDS, HIV infectionHIV is a virus that weakens the immune system. With daily medicines people with HIV live long, healthy lives, and treatment that keeps the virus undetectable means it is not passed on to sexual partners.Infections
I
- Interstitial lung diseaseAlso called Pulmonary fibrosis, Scarring of the lungsInterstitial lung disease is a group of conditions in which the lung tissue becomes inflamed or scarred, so the lungs stiffen and take in less oxygen. It causes breathlessness and a dry cough that slowly worsen, and treatment depends on the type.Lungs and breathing
- Iron deficiency anaemiaAlso called Anaemia, Low haemoglobin, Low bloodIron deficiency anaemia means the blood does not have enough healthy red cells because the body is short of iron. It causes tiredness and breathlessness, and treatment means both taking iron and finding out why the iron ran low.Blood
- Irritable bowel syndromeAlso called IBS, Spastic colonIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a long-term condition of the gut that causes tummy pain, bloating and changes in bowel habit, without damaging the bowel. It comes and goes, and diet, stress management and medicines can ease it.Digestive system
K
- Kidney infectionAlso called Pyelonephritis, Infection of the kidneyA kidney infection is a serious type of urinary tract infection in which bacteria reach one or both kidneys. It needs prompt treatment with antibiotics, and it can lead to sepsis if it is not treated.Kidneys and urinary tract
- Kidney stonesAlso called Renal calculi, NephrolithiasisKidney stones are hard lumps of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys. Small stones often pass on their own, but larger ones can cause severe pain and may need a procedure to remove them.Kidneys and urinary tract
L
- LeptospirosisAlso called Weil's disease, Rat feverLeptospirosis is a bacterial infection caught from the urine of infected animals, usually through floodwater, mud or soil that gets into a cut, the eyes or the mouth. It starts like flu, and in some people it becomes a serious illness affecting the kidneys and liver.Infections
- Low back painAlso called Backache, LumbagoLow back pain is pain between the lower ribs and the buttocks. It is very common, in most people no disease or damage is found, and staying gently active helps it settle faster than bed rest.Bones and joints
M
- MalariaAlso called Plasmodium infectionMalaria is caused by a parasite passed on by the bite of an infected mosquito, and it usually begins with fever, chills and body aches. It is confirmed by a blood test and treated with medicines, and it can turn severe quickly if it is left alone.Infections
- Malnutrition in childrenAlso called Undernutrition, Stunting, WastingMalnutrition means a child is not getting the energy and nutrients needed to grow. It shows as being too thin for their height, too short for their age, or short of vitamins and minerals, and it is treatable.Children's health
- MeaslesAlso called RubeolaMeasles is a very infectious viral illness that causes fever, cough, red eyes and a rash. It is most serious in young children and can lead to pneumonia or brain swelling, but two doses of the vaccine prevent it.Infections
- MeningitisAlso called Brain feverMeningitis is inflammation of the protective layers around the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by a virus or bacteria. Bacterial meningitis can become life-threatening very quickly and needs treatment in hospital straight away.Brain and nerves
- MenopauseAlso called Change of lifeMenopause is when periods stop for good, usually between the ages of 45 and 55, as the ovaries make less oestrogen. Symptoms can last for years and can be treated, and any bleeding after the menopause always needs to be checked.Women's health
- MigraineAlso called Migraine headache, Migraine with auraMigraine is a brain condition that causes attacks of throbbing headache, often on one side, with nausea and a dislike of light and sound. Attacks can be treated, and frequent attacks can be prevented.Brain and nerves
- MiscarriageAlso called Early pregnancy lossA miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy in the early months. It is common, and it is usually linked to a problem in how the baby was developing. It is a real loss, and both medical care and kind support matter.Women's health
- Mouth cancerAlso called Oral cancer, Muh ka cancerMouth cancer starts in the lips, tongue, gums or the lining of the mouth. Chewing tobacco, gutkha, khaini, supari and smoking are the main causes, and an ulcer or patch that has not healed in three weeks should be checked.Cancer
N
- Nephrotic syndromeAlso called Protein leak from the kidneys, Nephrotic syndrome in childrenNephrotic syndrome happens when damaged filters in the kidneys leak large amounts of protein into the urine. It causes swelling, especially around the eyes, feet and tummy, and the cause needs to be found and treated.Kidneys and urinary tract
- Newborn jaundiceAlso called Jaundice in babies, Neonatal jaundiceJaundice turns a newborn's skin and the whites of the eyes yellow. It is common and usually harmless, but jaundice in the first 24 hours, or a baby who is sleepy and feeding poorly, needs to be seen straight away.Children's health
O
- ObesityAlso called OverweightObesity means carrying more body fat than is healthy, enough to affect health over time. It is a long term medical condition with many causes, and it can be treated with support for eating and activity, medicines, and in some cases surgery.Hormones and metabolism
- Osteoarthritis of the kneeAlso called Knee arthritis, Degenerative joint disease of the kneeOsteoarthritis of the knee is a long-term condition in which the cartilage and other tissues of the joint slowly break down, causing pain and stiffness. Exercise, weight control and pain relief help most people, and surgery is an option for severe damage.Bones and joints
- OsteoporosisAlso called Weak bones, Brittle bonesOsteoporosis means the bones have become thin and fragile, so they break more easily than they should. It causes no symptoms until a bone breaks, and it is found with a short, painless bone density scan.Bones and joints
- Ovarian cystsAlso called Cysts on the ovaryAn ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac on or inside an ovary. Cysts are very common and usually harmless, most cause no symptoms, and most go away on their own within a few months.Women's health
- Overactive thyroidAlso called Hyperthyroidism, ThyrotoxicosisAn overactive thyroid means the gland in the neck makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs, so everything speeds up. It causes a fast heartbeat, weight loss, trembling and anxiety, and it can be treated with medicines, radioiodine or surgery.Hormones and metabolism
P
- PancreatitisAlso called Inflamed pancreasPancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, a gland in the upper tummy that helps digest food and makes insulin. Sudden (acute) pancreatitis causes severe tummy pain and needs hospital care, while long-term (chronic) pancreatitis causes lasting damage.Digestive system
- Parkinson's diseaseAlso called Parkinsonism, Shaking palsyParkinson's disease is a long-term brain condition in which movement becomes slow and stiff, often with a tremor. It cannot be cured, but medicines and therapy control the symptoms well for many years.Brain and nerves
- PCOSAlso called Polycystic ovary syndrome, PCODPCOS is a common hormone problem in which the ovaries do not release an egg regularly and male-type hormones run higher than usual. It causes irregular periods, extra hair, acne and difficulty conceiving, and it can be managed well.Women's health
- Peripheral artery diseaseAlso called PAD, Poor circulation in the legsPeripheral artery disease is a build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries of the legs, which reduces the blood flow to the legs and feet. It often causes leg pain on walking, and it raises the risk of heart attack and stroke.Heart and circulation
- Peripheral neuropathyAlso called Nerve damage in the hands and feet, Diabetic neuropathy, PolyneuropathyPeripheral neuropathy is damage to the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, most often causing tingling, numbness, burning pain or weakness in the feet and hands. Diabetes is the commonest cause, and finding the cause early gives the best chance of limiting the damage.Brain and nerves
- PilesAlso called Haemorrhoids, HemorrhoidsPiles are swollen blood vessels inside and around the back passage. They are very common and most settle with more fibre and less straining, but any bleeding from the back passage should be shown to a doctor rather than assumed to be piles.Digestive system
- Plantar fasciitisAlso called Heel pain, Painful heelPlantar fasciitis is pain under the heel caused by strain on the thick band of tissue along the sole of the foot. It is usually worst with the first steps in the morning, and it improves with stretching, supportive shoes and time.Bones and joints
- Pleural effusionAlso called Fluid around the lung, Water in the lungA pleural effusion is a build-up of fluid in the thin space between the lung and the chest wall. It makes breathing harder, and it is usually a sign of another illness that needs to be found and treated.Lungs and breathing
- PneumoniaAlso called Chest infection, Lung infectionPneumonia is an infection that fills the tiny air sacs of the lungs with fluid or pus, causing cough, fever and breathlessness. Most people recover with treatment, but it can turn serious quickly in young children, older people and anyone already unwell.Lungs and breathing
- PneumothoraxAlso called Collapsed lungA pneumothorax is air that has leaked into the space between the lung and the chest wall, which can make the lung collapse. Sudden chest pain with breathlessness needs emergency assessment, and treatment removes the air so the lung can re-expand.Lungs and breathing
- PoisoningAlso called Swallowed poison, Pesticide poisoningPoisoning happens when a harmful substance is swallowed, breathed in, splashed on the skin or injected. Suspected poisoning is an emergency, and the container or label should go to hospital with the person.Injuries and first aid
- Polycystic kidney diseaseAlso called PKD, ADPKD, Inherited cystic kidney diseasePolycystic kidney disease is an inherited condition in which many fluid-filled cysts grow in the kidneys and make them larger. It develops slowly, often causes high blood pressure, and can lead to kidney failure over time.Kidneys and urinary tract
- Pre-eclampsiaAlso called High blood pressure in pregnancy, Toxaemia of pregnancyPre-eclampsia is a condition of pregnancy, usually starting after 20 weeks, in which blood pressure rises and organs such as the kidneys may be affected. It can become serious for mother and baby, so it needs urgent medical care and close monitoring.Women's health
- PsoriasisAlso called Plaque psoriasis, Psoriasis vulgarisPsoriasis is a long-term condition in which an overactive immune system makes skin cells build up into dry, scaly, often itchy patches. It is not contagious, and treatment can clear the patches and keep them quiet.Skin
- Pulmonary embolismAlso called Blood clot in the lungA pulmonary embolism is a blockage in a blood vessel of the lungs, usually a blood clot that has travelled from a leg vein. It can be life-threatening, but most people recover well when it is found and treated early.Lungs and breathing
R
- RabiesAlso called HydrophobiaRabies is a virus carried in the saliva of an infected animal, and it reaches people through a bite, a scratch or a lick on broken skin. Once symptoms begin it is almost always fatal, but prompt wound washing and vaccination prevent it.Infections
- Rheumatic heart diseaseAlso called Rheumatic fever heart damageRheumatic heart disease is lasting damage to the heart valves caused by rheumatic fever, which can follow a strep throat infection. Treating strep throat promptly, and giving long-term penicillin to those who have had rheumatic fever, prevents it.Heart and circulation
- Rheumatoid arthritisAlso called RARheumatoid arthritis is a long-term condition in which the immune system attacks the lining of the joints by mistake. It is not wear and tear, and treatment started early protects the joints from lasting damage.Bones and joints
S
- ScabiesAlso called Khujli, Itch miteScabies is caused by a tiny mite that burrows into the skin and leads to intense itching, worse at night, and a bumpy rash. It spreads by close skin contact, and everyone in the household is treated at the same time.Skin
- SciaticaAlso called Slipped disc, Pinched nerve in the backSciatica is pain that travels from the lower back down the back of one leg because the sciatic nerve is pressed on or irritated. It usually settles over weeks to months, and most people never need surgery.Bones and joints
- Scrub typhusAlso called Bush typhus, Chigger-borne feverScrub typhus is a bacterial fever spread by the bite of chiggers, the tiny young stage of mites that live in grass and scrub, mostly in rural areas. It responds well to antibiotics, but it can turn serious if treatment is delayed.Infections
- SepsisAlso called Blood poisoning, SepticaemiaSepsis is a life-threatening reaction to an infection, in which the body's own defences start to damage its organs. It can follow any infection, and it is a medical emergency that needs hospital treatment at once.Infections
- Sickle cell diseaseAlso called Sickle cell anaemiaSickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder in which red cells become stiff and sickle shaped, block small blood vessels and break down early. It causes episodes of severe pain, anaemia and infections, and needs lifelong care.Blood
- SinusitisAlso called Sinus infection, SinusSinusitis is swelling of the lining of the air spaces around the nose, usually after a cold, causing pain over the face, a blocked nose and thick discharge. Most cases are viral and clear within a few weeks without antibiotics.Ear, nose and throat
- Sleep apnoeaAlso called Obstructive sleep apnoea, OSA, Sleep apneaSleep apnoea means breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep, usually because the throat narrows. It causes loud snoring and heavy daytime sleepiness, and treating it protects the heart, the blood pressure and safe driving.Lungs and breathing
- Snake biteAlso called Snakebite envenoming, Serpent biteA snake bite is a medical emergency, whether or not the snake looked venomous. The treatment that works is antivenom given in hospital, so the person must be kept calm and still and taken there at once.Injuries and first aid
- Sprains and strainsAlso called Twisted ankle, Pulled muscleA sprain is an injured ligament and a strain is an injured muscle or tendon. Both cause pain, swelling and bruising, and most settle in about two weeks with rest, ice, support and gentle movement.Bones and joints
- Stomach ulcerAlso called Peptic ulcer, Gastric ulcer, Duodenal ulcerA stomach ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine. The usual causes are a germ called H. pylori and regular use of anti-inflammatory painkillers, and most ulcers heal once the cause is treated.Digestive system
- StrokeAlso called Brain attack, Cerebrovascular accidentA stroke happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. It is a medical emergency, and fast treatment can limit lasting damage.Brain and nerves
T
- TetanusAlso called LockjawTetanus is a serious infection caused by bacteria from soil, dust or manure getting into a wound. It causes a stiff jaw and painful muscle spasms, needs emergency hospital care, and can be prevented by vaccination.Infections
- TonsillitisAlso called Infected tonsils, Sore throatTonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils at the back of the throat, causing a sore throat, painful swallowing and often fever. Most cases are caused by viruses and settle in three or four days, and antibiotics help only when bacteria are the cause.Ear, nose and throat
- TuberculosisAlso called TBTuberculosis is an infection caused by bacteria that usually settle in the lungs and spread through the air when someone coughs. It is curable, but it needs a combination of antibiotics taken every day for several months.Infections
- Type 2 diabetesAlso called Diabetes, Sugar, Diabetes mellitusIn type 2 diabetes the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood is too high, because the body no longer uses insulin properly. It often causes no symptoms at first, and it is managed with food, activity, medicines and regular blood tests.Hormones and metabolism
- Typhoid feverAlso called Enteric feverTyphoid is an infection caused by bacteria swallowed in food or water that has been contaminated by sewage or by unwashed hands. It causes a fever that builds over days, and it is treated with a full course of antibiotics.Infections
U
- Underactive thyroidAlso called Hypothyroidism, ThyroidAn underactive thyroid means the thyroid gland in the neck does not make enough thyroid hormone, so the body's processes slow down. It comes on gradually and is treated with a daily tablet that replaces the missing hormone.Hormones and metabolism
- Urinary incontinenceAlso called Leaking urine, Loss of bladder control, Bladder control problemsUrinary incontinence means leaking urine by accident. It is common, it is not an unavoidable part of ageing, and it can often be improved with simple steps and treatment.Kidneys and urinary tract
- Urinary tract infectionAlso called UTI, Urine infection, CystitisA urinary tract infection happens when bacteria get into the bladder or the rest of the urinary system. It usually causes burning when passing urine and a frequent urge to go, and it is treated with antibiotics.Kidneys and urinary tract
V
- Varicose veinsAlso called Swollen leg veinsVaricose veins are swollen, twisted veins that show under the skin, usually in the legs. They are common and often cause no more than aching or a heavy feeling, but they can sometimes lead to skin changes, leg ulcers or bleeding.Heart and circulation
- VertigoAlso called Dizziness with spinning, BPPV, GiddinessVertigo is the feeling that you or the room is spinning, strong enough to upset your balance. It most often comes from the inner ear and often improves with the right treatment, but vertigo with signs of a stroke is an emergency.Ear, nose and throat
- Vitamin D deficiencyAlso called Low vitamin D, Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adultsVitamin D deficiency means the body does not have enough vitamin D to keep bones and muscles healthy. It is common in India, often causes no clear symptoms, and is treated with supplements, sensible time outdoors and a balanced diet.Bones and joints
- VitiligoAlso called White patches, Safed daagVitiligo is a long-term condition in which the cells that give skin its colour are lost, leaving pale white patches. It is not an infection, it is not leprosy, and it cannot be passed to anyone else.Skin